動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，也是整個(gè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言體系中的主干知識(shí)。由于漢語(yǔ)里動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，因此，學(xué)習(xí)和掌握英語(yǔ)，就要建立時(shí)態(tài)“感覺(jué)”。不管漢語(yǔ)里說(shuō)不說(shuō)“過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)”，使用英語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間背景是什么，我們要不斷體味。例如：

　　——Uh, this is your first time to the city, right?

　　——Yeah. How did you know?

　　——這是你第一次到城里來(lái)，對(duì)嗎？

　　——沒(méi)錯(cuò)，你怎么知道的？

　　回答中“How did you know?”使用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這樣的表達(dá)，用漢語(yǔ)是難以體現(xiàn)的，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要特別留心積累。

　　動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，在時(shí)間上涉及過(guò)去、過(guò)去將來(lái)、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)；在形態(tài)上有一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行，因此，時(shí)態(tài)總共有十六個(gè)�；卮饎�(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)題目時(shí)，要根據(jù)題干，捕捉動(dòng)作的時(shí)間背景，這是選準(zhǔn)時(shí)態(tài)的前提和關(guān)鍵。

　　一、判斷時(shí)態(tài)找時(shí)間，不要被“for”“already”和“yet”等詞所迷惑

　　例如：— Has your father returned from Africa yet?

　　— Yes, but he___ here for only three days before his company sent him to Australia

　　A. was 　　B. has been　　C. will be 　　D. would be

　　很多同學(xué)一看到回答中“…h(huán)ere for only three days”就馬上選了B，用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但是后半句“…before his company sent him to Australia.”中的“sent”顯然就告訴我們這是過(guò)去的時(shí)間背景，整句話“他在這呆了三天之后就被公司派往了澳大利亞”，這說(shuō)明他現(xiàn)在不在這里。因此，本題是不能選擇現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇A。之所以出現(xiàn)這樣的錯(cuò)誤，是同學(xué)們一看到“for”就認(rèn)為它是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志。其實(shí)，for表示一個(gè)時(shí)間段，過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)都可用。

　　同樣的道理，遇到副詞already，yet等也要根據(jù)句子的語(yǔ)境做具體分析。很多情況下，already，yet都用在了完成時(shí)，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)配合語(yǔ)句時(shí)間，表達(dá)“(到……時(shí))已經(jīng)，還……”，例如：

　　We haven't met our new neighbors yet, so we don't know their names.

　　但也不要認(rèn)為一有這些詞就一定選完成時(shí)態(tài)，例如：

　　You already told me yesterday that he would not give up another trying.(句子中有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間“yesterday”，提示一般過(guò)去時(shí))

　　了解了這一點(diǎn)，你再做一做下面兩個(gè)題：

　　1.I ____in London for many years，but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.

　　A. lived 　B. was living 　C. have lived 　D. had lived

　　2.My cousin went to Canada two years ago.He ____ there for a few months and then went to America.

　　A.worked B.would work  C.would be working  D. has been working 

　　二、捕捉時(shí)間找“兩處”：即題干給定的時(shí)間和已知?jiǎng)釉~的時(shí)態(tài)題干若給出了具體的時(shí)間，時(shí)態(tài)選擇相對(duì)明顯；如果沒(méi)有，就要留意不設(shè)空動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，它也能給出待選時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間背景。

　　例一：I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ____ there several years ago.

　　A. are going 　B. had been 　C. went 　D. have been
　
　　題干中前半句“know”，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；后半句出現(xiàn)“several years ago”，明顯的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間，所以選擇一般過(guò)去時(shí)“went”，答案C。本題很多同學(xué)都順著中文“去過(guò)”而誤選了“D. have been”，是沒(méi)有掌握好語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)了具體過(guò)去時(shí)間這一關(guān)鍵。

　　例二：The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She ____ before.

　　A. hasn't flown 　B. didn't fly 　C. hadn't flown 　D. wasn't flying

　　題干中前半句“was”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；后半句最后出現(xiàn)“before”說(shuō)明是在過(guò)去(was)之過(guò)去，前半句的“was”給出了選擇過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間背景，因此選擇C。

　　例三：I got caught in the rain and my suit____.

　　A. has ruined 　B. had ruined 　C. has been ruined 　D. had been ruined

　　題干中前半句“got caught”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；由and連接后半句沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)具體的時(shí)間，如果與前半句并列，需要用was ruined，但題項(xiàng)沒(méi)有給。一般地說(shuō)，如果沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間，應(yīng)當(dāng)默認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在，因此，要選擇C。意思是“我(剛才)趕上雨了，衣服全給毀了”。

　　還需要指出的是，由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，時(shí)態(tài)不一致，這很正常。

　　又如：I was a college student, but now I am a teacher.我以前是大學(xué)生，現(xiàn)在是老師。

　　例四：–Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night? –I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.

　　A. had to 　B. didn’t 　C. was going to 　D. wouldn’t

　　題干上句“l(fā)ast night”和下句后半部分“remembered”都提示是過(guò)去時(shí)間背景，應(yīng)該選擇“昨天我是打算去”，因此選擇C。

　　例五：By the time you get back, great changes ______ in this area.

　　A.will take place 　B.will be taken place 　C.are going to take place 　D.will have taken place

　　題干“By the time you get back”，是“到你(將來(lái))回來(lái)時(shí)”，這里因?yàn)槭菚r(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，將來(lái)時(shí)用一般時(shí)代替，因此后半句的時(shí)間應(yīng)當(dāng)使“將已經(jīng)”，故選擇D。

　　動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)每年必考，同時(shí)，在書(shū)面表達(dá)中，同學(xué)們也會(huì)遇到判斷時(shí)態(tài)，將語(yǔ)篇?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的問(wèn)題。因此，要格外關(guān)注動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)的練習(xí)，并積累好答題方法和典型的錯(cuò)題。

　　下面，請(qǐng)你再做5個(gè)題目，看看是否掌握了捕捉時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間的方法

　　1.——It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home. ——Oh, don’t mention it. I _____past your house anyway.

　　A. was coming 　B. will come　 C. had come　 D. have come

　　2.—When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone. Where_____?

　　A. did you go 　B. have you gone　 C. were you　 D. had you been

　　3.The house belongs to my aunt but she______ here any more.

　　A. hasn't lived 　B. didn't live　 C. hadn't lived　 D. doesn't live

　　4.Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane________.

　　A. takes off 　B. is taking off 　C. has taken off　 D. took of

　　5.I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _____to half a dozen other groups.

　　A. was giving　 B. am giving 　C. had given　 D. have given

　　參考答案

　　一：AA；二：ACDBC

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